Some were aware of the ISS but they didn’t know what’s going on up there, she says. Jeanne DiFrancesco at ProOrbis conducted more than 200 interviews with people from organisations with potential interests in low gravity studies. The station needs to attract cutting edge research, yet many scientists seem to have little idea what goes on aboard it. Investment from outside organisations is vital, says Uhran, and a balance between academic and commercial research will help attract this. The organisation also maintains that the ISS should be used to develop products with commercial application and to test those that are either close to or already on the market. From this, it has opted to focus on life science and medical research, and recently called for proposals for experiments on muscle wasting, osteoporosis and the immune system. To get the ISS research back on track, CASIS has examined more than 100 previous microgravity experiments to identify promising research themes. He points to progress made on a salmonella vaccine, for example. Yet Mark Uhran, assistant associate administrator for the ISS, refutes the criticism that the station hasn’t done any useful research. One of CASIS’s roles is to convince public and private investors that science on the station is worth the spend because judged solely by the number of papers published, the ISS certainly seems poor value: research on the station has generated about 3,100 papers since 1998.The Hubble Space Telescope, meanwhile, has produced more than I 1,300 papers in just over 20 years, yet it cost less than one tenth of the price of the space station. And Congress also directed NASA to hire an independent organisation, the Centre for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), to help manage the station’s US lab facilities. NASA has already begun to take action, hiring management consultants ProOrbis to develop a plan to cut through the bureaucracy. Besides suggesting that the agency reduces the time between approving experiments and sending them into space, it also recommended setting clearer research priorities. Its authors said they were ‘deeply concerned’ about the state of NASA’s science research, and made a number of recommendations. Lengthy delays like this are one of the key challenges for NASA, according to an April 2011 report from the US National Academy of Sciences. Even if the centrifuge project gets the green light, it will have to wait another five years before the station’s crew can take a spin. There are certainly plenty of ideas for other experiments: but many projects have yet to fly. The only way to test this is in weightlessness, and the only time we have to do that is on the space station,’ says Laurence Young, a space medicine expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It’s been calculated that to properly assess a centrifuge’s impact on human physiology, astronauts would have to ride it for 30 minutes a day for at least two months. Similar machines have flown in space aboard NASA’s shuttles, but they couldn’t be tested for long enough to prove whether they were effective. The centrifuge project highlights the station’s potential as a research lab. Pedalling provides a workout for the astronaut’s muscles and cardiovascular system, but it also causes the seat to rotate vertically around a central axis so the rider experiences artificial gravity while exercising. In their preliminary design, an astronaut is strapped into the seat of a machine that resembles an exercise bike. He leads a team designing a centrifuge for humans. To counter these effects on a long duration mission to, say, Mars, astronauts will almost certainly need to create their own artificial gravity. One thing that physiologists have learned is that without gravity our bodies begin to lose strength, leaving astronauts with weakened bones, muscles and cardiovascular systems. Among the presenters was Satoshi Iwase of Aichi Medical University in Japan who has spent several years developing an experiment that could help solve one of the key problems that humans will face in space: keeping our bodies healthy in weightlessness. So where should its future priorities lie? This question was addressed at the recent 1st annual ISS research and development conference in Colorado. So far, it has gone through $150 billion. It might be travelling fast but, say critics, as a lab it is going nowhere. The most complex engineering project ever attempted has created an enormous set of interlinked modules that orbits the planet at more than 27,000 kilometres per hour. That was how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration agency (NASA) sold the International Space Station (ISS) to the US Congress in 2001.Today no one can doubt the agency’s technological ambition. A premier, world class laboratory in low Earth orbit.
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